Technological Development Trends of Traditional and New Energy in China: A Comparative and Integrated Perspective

Abstract

As the world's largest energy consumer, China's energy technological trajectory profoundly influences global decarbonization efforts. This paper systematically analyzes the technological development trends of traditional (fossil-based) and new energy (renewables, nuclear, hydrogen) sectors in China, emphasizing their dynamic interactions, technological bottlenecks, and synergistic pathways. Through a review of policy frameworks, R&D investments, and industrial practices, we identify key trends—including the "dual-carbon" goal-driven transition, breakthroughs in next-generation energy technologies, and the integration of digital solutions. The findings suggest that while traditional energy remains pivotal for near-term stability, its technological evolution is increasingly oriented toward efficiency and carbon mitigation. Meanwhile, new energy technologies are advancing rapidly, with China emerging as a global leader in multiple domains. The convergence of these two sectors through hybrid systems and smart grids will define China's mid-to-long-term energy landscape.