Technological Development Trends of Traditional and New Energy in Europe_ A Transition Pathway to Carbon Neutrality

Abstract

Against the backdrop of global climate change and Europe’s commitment to carbon neutrality by 2050, this paper examines the technological development trends of traditional energy (fossil fuels) and new energy (renewables, hydrogen, etc.) in Europe. By integrating policy analysis, historical data, and case studies, we argue that Europe’s energy transition is not a linear replacement of fossil fuels by renewables but a dynamic, synergistic process where traditional energy systems are being redefined to support decarbonization. Key findings include: (1) Traditional energy technologies, particularly natural gas and coal, are evolving toward lower-carbon applications (e.g., blue hydrogen, CCS-integrated power generation); (2) New energy technologies, led by wind, solar, and storage, are experiencing exponential cost reductions and scalability improvements; (3) Cross-sectoral integration (e.g., power-to-X, smart grids) and policy frameworks (e.g., EU Green Deal, REPowerEU) are critical enablers of this transition. Challenges such as energy security risks, technological bottlenecks, and social acceptance persist, requiring coordinated efforts across stakeholders.